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What Causes Hard Water? |
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Calcium carbonate, naturally exists in two forms limestone and marble. Limestone has a number of impurities which are predominantly Silica, Alumina , and calcium sulphate which act as bonding agents. CaCO3 is only very slightly soluble in water, yet large amounts of calcium become dissolved in most water supplies. This is because as rain water falls to earth it encounters carbon dioxide and reacts with it to form a mild acid (Carbonic Acid). Thus as rain water comes into contact with limestone in the earth, the limestone dissolves and goes into solution with the water. Surface waters also encounter carbon dioxide from the decay of organic materials. As these waters contact limestone, the limestone gradually dissolves and goes into solution. Under close investigation of industrial systems where scale is formed, the scale is mainly Calcium Carbonate or Magnesium Carbonate but also Silica, Alumina or Calcium Sulphate are required as binders to make the scale form. |
| Please watch this simulation |
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How does AquaVantage work? |
| The AquaVantage waveform changes the Ionic state of the molecules in the solution being treated. This physical ionic change repels Silica, Alumina and Iron which normally act as binders and make scale form. Free electrons are generated which allow Ca (Calcium) and Mg (Magnesium) to dissociate from CO3 (Carbonate), SO4 (Sulphate) and HCO3 (Hyrdocarbonate) and assume their neutral atomic states, thus stopping scale forming and removing scale deposits. On evaporation only neutral minerals form and any Calcium Carbonate left will form as neutral Aragonite instead of Calcite as shown below |
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Electron Microscope evidence of the physical changes generated by AquaVantage |
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Sample
(A) before treatment |
Sample
(B) after treatment |
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What is Aragonite? |
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Aragonite is the orthorhombic crystalline from of Calcium Carbonate.
Aragonite is stable at high pressures but will normally revert to the Calcite
crystal formation. Aragonite is also19 times more soluble than Calcite. If a
saturation condition occurs the Calcium Carbonate will precipitate as Aragonite
and be easily dispersed when the saturation condition is over. Aragonite occurs in only two instances naturally in the world. Natural oyster pearls are largely formed from Aragonite and as flos ferri. Flos ferri is a massive form of Aragonite (not the individual crystal form produced by AquaVantage) where the masses can resemble coralline growth and is usually deposited by hot springs. |